GRAMMAR FOR B.A./B.Sc./B.Com. II SEMESTER

GRAMMAR FOR B. A. / B. SC. / B. COM. II SEMESTER

Question forms/interrogatives are two types

1.       Non-descriptive question forms / interrogatives (yes/no type questions)

2.       Descriptive question forms/ interrogatives (wh-questions)

I.                   Non-descriptive question forms / interrogatives

Look at the following examples

v  Is she going home?

v  Are you the students of this college?

v  Do they play cricket well?

v  Does Rama solve this problem?

Observe each interrogative sentence is starting with an auxiliary verb like is / are / Do / does etc.

If any sentence start with an auxiliary verb and ends with question mark (?) such sentences are called non-descriptive question forms.

What are the auxiliary verbs?

They are five types of auxiliary verbs:

1.       ‘Be’ form verbs

‘Be’ form verbs
Present	Past
am is are	was were

2.       Perfect auxiliaries

Perfect auxiliries
Present	Past
Have has	had

3.       Modals

will, shall, can, may, ought

4.       Conditionals

would/ should/could/ might/ must

5.       ‘Do’ Support

‘Do’ Support
Present	Past
do does	did

Now you should do your non-descriptive interrogatives as shown bellow.

Auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb + complementary?

Auxiliary	subject	main verb	complimentary?
Do	they	play	Cricket well?

Change the following sentences into non-descriptive interrogatives:

1.       Rama goes to Bangalore tonight.        Does Rama go to Bangalore tonight?

2.       He has written this letter.                    Has he written this letter?

3.       She can speak Spanish.                       Can she speak Spanish?

4.       They play well.                                   Do they play well?

5.       She reads English.                              Does she read English?          

II.                Descriptive Question forms / interrogatives (wh-questions)

Descriptive interrogatives usually start with ‘wh’ – word.

The structure of these sentences is shown as

What + auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb + complimentary?
Wh-word	Auxiliary verb	Subject	Main verb	Complimentary?
What	are	you	doing	here?

For example:

v  What are you doing here?

v  When did you complete your work?

v  How many students are there in the class?

v  How much water is there in the tank?

  

Wh – word	Use of the word
What	—is used for enquiry of time/name/profession and in general to know something
When	—enquiry of time
Where	—enquiry of place
Why	—enquiry of reason
How	—enquiry of method
Which	—enquiry of specific thing / person / place
Who	—enquiry of person
Whom	—objective form of ‘who’
Whose	—enquiry of ownership / authorization
How many	—enquiry of number
How much	—enquiry of quantity

Write wh – Questions (descriptive interrogatives) for which under lined part of sentence is to be the answer.

1.       Gafur sold the bull in the market.                        What did Gafur sell in the market?

2.       Gafur sold the bull in the market.                        Where did Gafur sell the bull?

3.       Suresh went to USA last month.                         When did Suresh go to USA?

4.       He answers all questions cleverly.                      How does he answer all questions?

5.       There is a little water in the pot.                         How much water is there in the pot?

6.       Our examinations will be held in the month of May. When will our examinations be held?

7.       This is Tagore’s house.                                      Whose house is this?

8.       I like cricket.                                                     Which game do you like?

9.       I go to library for reading books.                         Why do you go to library?

10.   Rama killed Ravana.                                          Who killed Ravana?

11.   He kept his bunch in a table draw.                      Where did he keep his bunch of keys?               

12.   He passed in SSLC examinations with great difficulty. How did he pass in SSLC examination?

13.   Suresh went to US for his higher studies.            Where did Suresh go for his higher studies?

14.   He lives at cantonment in Bellary.                      Where does he live in Bellary?  

15.   He is leaving for Bangalore tonight.                    When is he leaving for Bangalore?

16.   The chief minister inaugurated the newly constructed bridge.

What did the Chef Minister inaugurate?

17.   There is a little water in the bank.                       How much water is there in the tank?

18.   Rama goes to Bangalore tonight.                        When does Rama go to Bangalore?

19.   He solved this problem with a simple mathematical formula. How did he solve this problem?

20.   There are fifty students in the class.                   How many students are there in the class?

 Direct and Indirect speech

Indirect is just summing up the actual speech of somebody

Some of the tips to be followed according to the kinds of sentences while we rewrite the Direct Speech into Indirect Speech

To write Indirect Speech to Direct Speech in case of

v  Statements

If the principal verb is in past tense -----

ü  The statement should be changed into corresponding past tenses.

ü  Inverted quotation marks have to be removed.

ü  Pronouns have to be carefully selected in relation with speaker and listener.

ü  The conjunction ‘that’ may be used or may not be used

ü  Nearest time and place have to be changed into distant time and place as shown in the below table

Changes occur when Direst Speech is written in Indirect Speech
Direct speech	Indirect speech
now	then
here	there
this	that
these	those
today	that day
tomorrow	the next day
yesterday	the previous day
last night /month / week/ year	the previous night / month/week / year
thus / hence	so
Verbs (corresponding past tenses)
Direct speech	Indirect speech
write / writes	wrote
is writing	was writing
wrote	had written
was writing	had been writing
has / have written	had written
has/ have been writing	had been writing
had written	had written
had been writing	had been writing
will write	would write
shall write	should write

 ·         Imperatives

In case of imperatives

ü  The principal verb is to be replaced by requested, begged, implored, ordered, commanded etc., according to the imperative mood.

ü  The verb of imperative sentence is to be changed into infinitive

·         Interrogatives

In case of non-descriptive interrogatives

ü  The principal verb is to be replaced by asked, questioned, inquired etc.,

ü  And add a conjunction ‘if’ or ‘whether’ before rewriting interrogative sentence into a statement

In case of descriptive interrogatives

ü  While writing indirect speech to descriptive interrogatives all the rules of non-descriptive interrogatives apply except ‘if’ and ‘whether’. There is no need of adding ‘if’ or ‘whether’ while rewriting interrogative sentences into statement.

·         Exclamatory sentences

In case of exclamatory sentences

The principal verb is to be replaced by exclaimed, surprised, wondered etc.,

Examples:

1.       My aunt said to me, “I will show the photograph to you tomorrow.” (statement)

·         My aunt said to me that she would show the photograph to me in the next day.

2.       He said, “I have cleaned my room thoroughly.” (statement)

·         He said that he had cleaned his room thoroughly.

3.       The soldier said, “I want to tell what happened in the war.” (statement in past tense)

·         The soldier said that he wanted to tell what had happened in the war.

4.       Her mother said to me, “I know you how you feel.” (statement)

·         Her mother said to me that she knew how I felt.

5.       The driver said to my uncle, “I am ready.”

·         The driver said to my uncle that he was ready.

6.       Shiva said to the maiden, “You have inspired in my heart a sweet tenderness.” (statement in past tense)

·         Shiva said to the maiden that she had inspired in his heart a sweet tenderness.

7.       She said, “Are you going to Bangalore?” (non-descriptive interrogative)

·         She asked whether/if she/he was going to Bangalore.

8.       His mother said, “What are you doing here?” (descriptive interrogative)

·         His mother asked what he was doing there.

9.       The police asked him, “Where are you going now?” (descriptive interrogative)

·         The police enquired him where he was going then.

10.   Rani said, “Please, post this letter.” (imperative –request)

·         Rani requested to post that letter.

Key to change of sentences from Direct to Indirect Speech:

B. A. 2010

1.       He said to his friend, “Let me go home now.”

·         He requested his friend to allow him to go home then.

2.       The old man said, “O God help me in my hour of sorrow.”

·         The old man prayed god to help him in his hour of sorrow.

3.       The student said to the teacher, “Please, lend me your pen for a while.”

·         The student requested his teacher to lend his pen for a while.

4.       I said, “May your mother soon recover.”

·         I consoled him that his mother might recover seen.

B. Sc. 2010

1.       The clerk said, “I am sorry return the passbook immediately. It will be sent to you by post.”

·         The clerk apologized that he could not return the passbook immediately and it would be sent to him by post.

2.       I called my idle brother and said, “You must decide what you want to do. I cannot allow you to waste my hard earned money.”

·         I called my idle brother and warned that he must decide what he wanted to do and I/he could not allow him to waste my/his hard earned money.

3.       She said to me, “What can I do for you dear?”

·         She asked me lovingly/amorously that what she could do for me.

4.       I said to my brother, “Let us go to some hill station for change.’

·         I proposed to my brother to go to some hill station for change.

B. Com. 2010

1.       He said, “I am unwell.”

·         He said that he was unwell.

2.       He said, “I have completed my homework”.

·         He said that he had completed his homework.

3.       Venu said to Gopal, “I am going to my village during holidays.”

·         Venu said to Gopal that he was going to his village during holidays.

4.        He said, “The thief stole my watch.”

·         He said that the thief had stolen his watch.

B. C. A. 2010

1.       He says, “Children like to play.”

·         He says that children like to play.

2.       He said, “Mohan comes to the college daily.”

·         He said that Mohan comes to the daily.

3.       The teacher said, “The earth revolves round the sun.”

·         The teacher said that the earth revolves round the sun.

Modals: (Modal auxiliary verbs)

Modal auxiliary verbs are:

Shall, will, can, may, ought, should, would, could, might, need, dare

v  Modal verbs have no ‘—s’ in the third person singular

·         I am catching the 10.30 train. What time shall I be in Hyderabad? / What time will I be in Hyderabad?

ü  We can use ‘will’ and ‘shall’ to express the idea of future happenings

ü  We can use ‘Shall’ when we make offers, or suggestions, and when we ask for orders or advice.

ü  We can use ‘can’ to express ability of so something.

ü  We can use ‘may’ to express the idea of probability.

ü  We can use ‘should’ and ‘must’ to express the idea conditional or compulsory.

1.       What shall we do?

2.       Shall I carry your bag?

3.       Shall we go out for lunch?

4.       She may know his address.

5.       Can you swim?

6.       You should not do that?

7.       We may go climbing in the Himalayas nest summer.

8.       She may be here tomorrow.

9.       May I put on TV?

10.   You may be right.

11.   She will be here tomorrow.

12.   I may come tomorrow if I have time.

Fill in blanks with suitable modals:

1.       He is over fifty but -------- still read without glasses. (can / will)

2.       Take taxi. You ---------- miss he train. (ought / might)

3.       She --------- not find her purse. (could / shall)

4.       I had no key so I --------- open the door. (may not / cannot)

5.      If you -------- forgive me, I promise never to do it again. (might / will)

6.       --------- I look after your luggage. (shall / would)

7.       Soldiers ---------obey orders without question. (must / can)

8.       India is ready to ------- any foreign attack. (ought / dare)

9.       She -------- sing well. (can / shall)

10.   I wish you ---------- go away. (would / may)

11.  My mother is --------- getting up early in the morning. (used to /dare to)

12.   This ---------- be your book. Your name is written on it. (must / can)